Benign neoplasm: Prostate

CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE

No definition available.

Endpoint definition

↥

Report an error or suggest an improvement for this endpoint codes

Endpoint definition steps	FinnGen
Phenotype data	519972
1. Apply sex-specific rule only males	226754
2. Check conditions None	226754
3. Check pre-conditions, main-only, mode, registry filters Registry filters: Hospital discharge: ICD-10 — D29.1& Hospital discharge: ICD-9 — 2222 Cause of death: ICD-10 — D29.1& Cause of death: ICD-9 — 2222 2 out of 7 registries used, show all original rules.	241
4. Check minimum number of events None	241
5. Include endpoints None	241
6. Filter based on genotype QC (FinnGen only)	237

Control definitions (FinnGen only)

Controls for this endpoint are individuals that are not cases.

Extra metadata

Level in the ICD hierarchy: 3
First used in FinnGen datafreeze: DF2
Parent code in ICD-10: D29
Name in latin: Neoplasma benignum prostatae

NAME	CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE
CONTROL_EXCLUDE
CONTROL_PRECONDITIONS
CONTROL_CONDITIONS
SEX	1
INCLUDE
PRE_CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
OUTPAT_ICD
OUTPAT_OPER
HD_MAINONLY
HD_ICD_10_ATC
HD_ICD_10	D291
HD_ICD_9	2222
HD_ICD_8	$!$	The FinnGen clinical team has checked and no code can be used for this rule.
HD_ICD_10_EXCL
HD_ICD_9_EXCL
HD_ICD_8_EXCL
COD_MAINONLY
COD_ICD_10	D291
COD_ICD_9	2222
COD_ICD_8	$!$	The FinnGen clinical team has checked and no code can be used for this rule.
COD_ICD_10_EXCL
COD_ICD_9_EXCL
COD_ICD_8_EXCL
OPER_NOM
OPER_HL
OPER_HP1
OPER_HP2
KELA_REIMB
KELA_REIMB_ICD
KELA_ATC_NEEDOTHER
KELA_ATC
KELA_VNRO_NEEDOTHER
KELA_VNRO
CANC_TOPO
CANC_TOPO_EXCL
CANC_MORPH
CANC_MORPH_EXCL
CANC_BEHAV

Similar endpoints

↥

List of similar endpoints to Benign neoplasm: Prostate based on the number of shared cases.

Similar with more cases:

Similar with less cases:

None

Case counts by codes

↥

FinnGen case counts by registry codes:

Upset plot

Full data table

Summary Statistics

↥

-FinRegistry-

Key figures

	All	Female	Male
Number of individuals
Whole population	1360	-	1360
Only index persons	1120	-	1120
Unadjusted period prevalence (%)
Whole population	0.04	-	0.04
Only index persons	0.04	-	0.04
Median age at first event (years)
Whole population	-	-	71.01
Only index persons	-	-	69.61

-FinnGen-

Key figures

	All	Female	Male
Number of individuals	237	-	237
Unadjusted period prevalence (%)	0.11	-	0.11
Median age at first event (years)	68.06	-	68.06

-FinRegistry-

Age distribution of first events

-FinnGen-

Age distribution of first events

-FinRegistry-

Year distribution of first events

-FinnGen-

Year distribution of first events

-FinRegistry-

Cumulative Incidence Function

-FinnGen-

Cumulative Incidence Function

CodeWAS

↥

CodeWAS is a tool for exploring the associations between an endpoint and all of the medical codes and drug codes.

This is a new tool, please reach out using the contact form for feedback and improvement ideas.

First, a cohort is built by matching controls to the endpoint cases using year of birth and sex. Then, a Fisher test is done for all the medical codes and drug codes between the cases and controls of this cohort. Codes are reported in the table below if they have −log₁₀(p-value) ≥ 6.

Matched cohort

Matched cases
241: Matched controls
2410

Code

Vocabulary

Description

Odds Ratio

-log₁₀(p)

N matched cases

N matched controls

D29.1

ICD-10 Finland

Benign neoplasm: Prostate

4503599627370496.0

307.7

238

C61

ICD-10 Finland

Malignant neoplasm of prostate

5.1

34.5

114

361

NK6AN

NOMESCO Finland

Total body bone isotope imaging

11.6

32.6

8140/3-C61.9

ICD-O-3

Adenocarcinoma, NOS, of prostate gland

4.9

32.3

107

337

JN3CD

NOMESCO Finland

Abdominal CT examination both without and with contrast

8.9

30.7

ZXC96

NOMESCO Finland

Robot assisted procedure

10.5

29.0

KEC01

NOMESCO Finland

Percutaneous endoscopic radical prostatectomy

8.8

28.0

KE1BE

NOMESCO Finland

Rectal ultrasound examinaiton of prostata

3.5

17.8

302

116

Kela drug reimbursment

Prostate cancer

3.7

16.1

200

XJH00

NOMESCO Finland

Transanal ultrasonography

3.4

13.1

191

UKC02

NOMESCO Finland

Cystoscopy

2.6

11.1

455

Y77

ICPC

Malignant neoplasm prostate

3.9

10.3

Z03.89

ICD-10 Finland

Observation for other suspected diseases and conditions

3.1

9.6

172

KE1AT

NOMESCO Finland

Biopsy of prostata with ultrasoudnguidance

2.9

9.4

204

XKD00

NOMESCO Finland

Uroflowmetry

2.4

9.4

548

N40

ICD-10 Finland

Hyperplasia of prostate

2.3

9.1

148

979

PJD64

NOMESCO Finland

Laparoscopic dissection of iliac lymph nodes

9.9

7.9

SPAT1220

SPAT

Assessment of need for rehabilitation and/or rehabilitation plan

3.6

7.6

KC1EE

NOMESCO Finland

Ultrasound measurement of residual urine

2.2

7.4

462

G04CB01

ATC

finasteride; oral

2.2

7.4

464

L02AE02

ATC

leuprorelin; implant, parenteral

2.8

6.6

137

JN3BD

NOMESCO Finland

Extensive abdominal CT

2.7

6.2

136

LabWAS

↥

N Cases

N Controls

-log₁₀(p)

cases

controls

cases

controls

unit

-log₁₀(p)

N cases

N controls

(42868674) Cholesterol in HDL/Cholesterol.total [Molar ratio] in Serum or Plasma

270

4.01

21.46

5.7

4.9

32.90

31.42

0.44

182

(3019225) pH of Specimen

211

3.38

13.48

6.8

4.1

—

(3044254) Respiratory syncytial virus RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

3.67

8.82

1.7

1.8

—

(3045783) Sodium and Potassium panel [Moles/volume] - Serum or Plasma

259

2.57

8.15

9.5

8.9

—

(46235759) Influenza virus B RNA [Presence] in Nasopharynx by NAA with probe detection

100

3.28

7.50

1.8

2.0

—

(3004490) Bicarbonate [Moles/volume] standard in Capillary blood

109

3.12

7.10

5.7

4.8

23.65

25.16

mmol/l

1.84

103

(3013512) EKG study

106

664

2.06

6.90

5.5

4.6

—

(3013603) Prostate specific Ag [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

196

1557

2.39

6.60

8.1

5.5

2.89

2.95

ug/l

0.03

166

1370

(36031861) Influenza virus A and B and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Respiratory syncytial virus RNA panel - Respiratory system specimen by NAA with probe detection

156

2.54

5.59

1.4

1.6

—

(3045414) Leukocytes [Presence] in Urine

3.37

5.45

1.7

1.6

—

(3044938) Influenza virus A RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

399

1.98

5.05

1.7

1.8

—

(3017732) Neutrophils [#/volume] in Blood

125

2.60

5.04

2.3

3.1

3.95

6.70

e9/l

0.63

(3037467) Urinalysis macro (dipstick) panel - Urine

164

1280

1.88

4.91

5.7

4.2

—

(3007220) Creatine kinase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma

621

1.84

4.84

2.9

2.2

445.84

380.90

u/l

0.11

580

(3022313) Gas panel - Capillary blood

134

2.41

4.37

5.2

4.0

—

(3023024) Carbon dioxide [Partial pressure] in Capillary blood

178

2.20

4.16

5.3

3.9

4.82

5.13

kpa

1.33

172

(706163) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RNA [Presence] in Respiratory system specimen by NAA with probe detection

110

788

1.73

4.16

2.2

2.1

—

(43055554) Base excess.100% oxygenated [Moles/volume] standard in Capillary blood by calculation

166

2.22

4.05

5.5

4.0

0.29

1.91

mmol/l

1.36

128

(3046279) Procalcitonin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

113

2.46

4.01

1.8

2.1

1.16

2.23

ug/l

0.45

(3044889) 12 lead EKG panel

100

1322

0.58

4.01

3.8

4.6

—

(40761535) Cells panel - Urine sediment

181

2.16

3.99

4.1

3.5

—

(3026910) Gamma glutamyl transferase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma

137

1062

1.67

3.72

3.9

3.2

56.90

62.30

u/l

0.33

123

975

(3007778) Kappa light chains/Lambda light chains [Mass Ratio] in Serum

2.60

3.57

2.3

3.8

—

1.46

—

(3023601) Vancomycin resistant enterococcus [Presence] in Specimen by Organism specific culture

4.38

3.55

2.9

2.7

—

(46236098) ABO and Rh group [Type] in Blood by Confirmatory method

501

1.72

3.54

2.6

2.5

—

(1761868) Lipid panel - Serum or Plasma

512

0.47

3.51

2.4

3.3

—

(4146454) Self-monitoring of blood glucose

4.07

3.33

2.5

2.9

—

(3049717) Cytology report of Urine Cyto stain

139

2.15

3.21

2.7

3.3

—

(3023465) Gamma globulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.46

3.07

2.5

3.7

10.54

10.73

g/l

0.05

(3014051) Protein [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

3.27

2.89

2.3

2.0

—

(40768804) Tissue Pathology biopsy report

697

1.57

2.84

2.4

—

(3005229) Alpha 2 globulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.25

2.69

2.4

3.4

7.17

7.12

g/l

0.04

(3043747) Beta 2 globulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.25

2.69

2.4

3.4

3.46

3.52

g/l

0.07

(3043723) Beta 1 globulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.25

2.69

2.4

3.4

—

(3021589) Normoblasts [#/volume] in Blood

818

0.62

2.62

8.3

10.7

0.00

e9/l

0.59

674

(43054903) Holo-transcobalamin II [Moles/volume] in Serum

112

878

1.51

2.57

2.2

2.1

100.58

88.76

pmol/l

1.18

520

(3017704) Immunofixation for Urine

5.56

2.56

2.3

1.4

—

(3004588) Protein electrophoresis panel - Serum or Plasma

168

1.90

2.51

3.9

2.9

—

(3021347) Calcium.ionized [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

116

921

1.50

2.48

7.6

6.6

1.19

1.20

mmol/l

0.10

830

(3044640) Blood type and Crossmatch panel - Blood

669

1.52

2.47

2.7

2.6

—

(3024522) Salmonella sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

3.42

2.42

1.7

—

(3025468) Yersinia sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

3.42

2.42

1.7

—

(3012568) Campylobacter sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

3.42

2.42

1.7

—

(40760888) Immunoglobulin light chains.free panel - Serum

2.59

2.40

3.0

3.8

—

(3016431) Calcium.ionized [Moles/volume] adjusted to pH 7.4 in Serum or Plasma

123

995

1.48

2.37

9.1

7.4

1.19

1.20

mmol/l

0.47

849

(21493466) Plesiomonas shigelloides DNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with non-probe detection

3.30

2.33

1.7

—

(3005988) Vibrio sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

3.30

2.33

1.7

—

(3024950) Chlamydia trachomatis DNA [Presence] in Urine by NAA with probe detection

2.63

2.31

1.7

1.3

—

(37020445) Astrovirus RNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

4.70

2.28

1.3

1.4

—

(37021247) Adenovirus 40+41 DNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

4.70

2.28

1.3

1.4

—

(3004383) Neutrophil cytoplasmic Ab.classic [Titer] in Serum by Immunofluorescence

2.76

2.24

1.5

1.2

—

(4200892) Spirometry reversibility

138

1.91

2.19

1.9

1.5

—

(3029713) Protein.monoclonal band 1 [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.18

1.2

3.8

1.15

0.60

g/l

0.32

(3020460) C reactive protein [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

197

1771

1.62

2.18

20.8

18.6

27.06

29.39

mg/l

0.45

166

1500

(3003338) MCHC [Mass/volume]

113

1355

0.69

2.17

26.2

24.8

332.88

333.02

g/l

0.05

113

1344

(3015322) Alpha 1 globulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.13

2.17

1.2

3.5

2.61

2.94

g/l

0.91

(40771025) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3+25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

630

1.48

2.15

2.2

2.1

75.83

76.06

nmol/l

0.02

542

(3013707) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate by Westergren method

156

1338

1.47

2.13

5.0

4.0

14.83

13.99

mm/h

0.21

138

1220

(40761536) Microorganisms panel - Urine sediment

160

0.36

2.11

8.2

3.6

—

(3029187) Natriuretic peptide.B prohormone N-Terminal [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

772

1.45

2.09

3.2

3.3

1701.23

1653.58

ng/l

0.06

679

(3019069) Monocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood

107

858

1.44

2.08

5.3

5.9

8.86

9.19

0.40

800

(3010380) Borrelia burgdorferi IgG Ab [Units/volume] in Cerebral spinal fluid

4.07

2.05

1.2

1.1

—

(37020957) Sapovirus genogroups I+II+IV+V RNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

4.07

2.05

1.3

—

(42869457) Rotavirus RNA [Identifier] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

4.07

2.05

1.3

—

(3002030) Lymphocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood

108

870

1.44

2.03

5.2

5.9

23.92

24.60

0.25

811

(3023368) Bacteria identified in Blood by Culture

731

1.44

1.99

3.9

4.4

—

(3035995) Alkaline phosphatase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma

168

1472

1.47

1.98

8.3

76.99

82.69

u/l

0.98

158

1382

(3006504) Eosinophils/100 leukocytes in Blood

106

855

1.43

1.97

4.9

5.6

2.64

2.89

0.65

799

(3019832) Treponema pallidum Ab [Presence] in Serum

2.51

1.96

1.5

1.3

—

(3001079) Blood group antibody screen [Presence] in Serum or Plasma

112

915

1.42

1.92

2.9

2.7

—

(3019550) Sodium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

206

1888

1.63

1.92

25.2

22.2

139.53

139.63

mmol/l

0.19

194

1838

(3009201) Thyrotropin [Units/volume] in Serum or Plasma

175

1550

1.47

1.91

4.3

3.8

2.02

2.08

mu/l

0.23

138

1342

(3001122) Ferritin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

718

1.43

1.89

2.7

201.15

197.52

ug/l

0.04

651

(3019900) Cholesterol [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

190

1714

1.51

1.86

5.0

4.9

4.15

4.20

mmol/l

0.25

151

1548

(3023103) Potassium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

206

1892

1.61

1.85

25.4

22.4

4.04

4.05

mmol/l

0.23

194

1846

(3014973) Borrelia burgdorferi IgM Ab [Units/volume] in Cerebral spinal fluid

3.59

1.85

1.2

1.1

—

(3011166) Borrelia burgdorferi Ab [Presence] in Cerebral spinal fluid

4.23

1.83

1.0

1.1

—

(3019800) Troponin T.cardiac [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

108

883

1.40

1.82

4.6

4.4

33.86

46.91

ng/l

0.87

712

(21494890) Protein electrophoresis panel - 24 hour Urine

2.82

1.81

1.1

2.5

—

(3018010) Neutrophils/100 leukocytes in Blood

105

856

1.40

1.80

4.7

5.6

60.62

59.55

0.43

804

(3028286) Albumin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

2.10

1.79

1.2

3.8

36.71

37.19

g/l

—

(3019309) Folate [Moles/volume] in Red Blood Cells

460

1.47

1.77

1.8

1060.60

1139.29

nmol/l

0.23

355

(3025941) Bacteria identified in Stool by Culture

2.07

1.73

1.1

1.3

—

(3024135) Streptococcus.beta-hemolytic [Presence] in Throat by Organism specific culture

127

1.81

1.71

1.2

—

(3013115) Eosinophils [#/volume] in Blood

113

939

1.38

1.70

4.9

5.5

0.19

0.21

e9/l

0.94

824

(3008757) Leukocyte morphology finding [Identifier] in Blood

2.63

1.67

3.0

5.3

—

(3001308) Cholesterol in LDL [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

193

1760

1.48

1.66

5.5

2.42

2.46

mmol/l

0.21

157

1575

(3045424) Erythrocytes [Presence] in Urine

2.85

1.66

1.1

1.3

—

(42868716) Shigella species+EIEC invasion plasmid antigen H ipaH gene [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

2.85

1.66

1.9

1.8

—

(3007461) Platelets [#/volume] in Blood

207

1918

1.56

1.62

30.0

27.1

230.24

224.09

e9/l

0.71

195

1866

(3024731) MCV [Entitic volume]

207

1918

1.56

1.62

29.9

27.0

91.77

92.08

0.39

199

1884

(3026361) Erythrocytes [#/volume] in Blood

207

1919

1.56

1.60

30.0

27.1

4.45

4.47

e12/l

0.17

192

1862

(3000963) Hemoglobin [Mass/volume] in Blood

207

1919

1.56

1.60

30.1

27.3

134.76

135.91

g/l

0.41

199

1882

(3035941) MCH [Entitic mass]

207

1919

1.56

1.60

29.9

27.0

30.50

30.68

0.66

199

1884

(3010813) Leukocytes [#/volume] in Blood

207

1919

1.56

1.60

30.1

27.1

7.27

7.09

e9/l

0.56

194

1862

(3009542) Hematocrit [Volume Fraction] of Blood

207

1919

1.56

1.60

29.7

27.4

39.87

39.97

0.07

192

1768

(3026493) Urate [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

541

1.41

1.60

3.5

3.1

6990.72

9627.22

umol/l

0.15

462

(3005013) Prostate Specific Ag Free [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

108

899

1.36

1.58

4.5

3.2

0.72

0.82

ug/l

0.73

646

(3037756) Immunofixation for Serum or Plasma

2.21

1.53

2.5

1.3

—

(3022096) Basophils/100 leukocytes in Blood

101

836

1.36

1.52

5.1

5.6

0.65

0.57

0.80

786

(3014271) Vancomycin [Susceptibility]

2.90

1.51

3.2

2.3

—

(3023520) Reticulocytes [#/volume] in Blood

230

1.56

1.49

2.2

69.09

66.24

e9/l

0.25

184

(37019628) Gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens panel - Stool by NAA with probe detection

2.28

1.48

1.8

1.6

—

(3044290) Cell count panel - Cerebral spinal fluid

2.54

1.46

1.1

1.3

—

(3001604) Monocytes [#/volume] in Blood

108

908

1.34

1.45

4.7

5.4

0.63

0.65

e9/l

0.26

779

(3016914) Bacteria identified in Cerebral spinal fluid by Culture

3.17

1.44

1.2

1.3

—

(3048773) Triglyceride [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --fasting

182

1659

1.40

1.42

4.6

4.3

1.29

mmol/l

0.03

144

1475

(3003510) Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA [Presence] in Urine by NAA with probe detection

2.30

1.41

1.6

1.2

—

(40760892) CBC W Ordered Manual Differential panel - Blood

102

854

1.34

1.40

5.4

6.1

—

(40764999) Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine-based formula (CKD-EPI)

184

1683

1.39

1.38

19.4

17.6

69.43

72.98

ml/min/173m2

1.29

149

1426

(3006315) Basophils [#/volume] in Blood

108

913

1.33

1.38

4.7

5.4

0.04

e9/l

0.03

791

(3026782) Osmolality of Urine

486

0.67

1.36

3.0

3.2

528.70

596.99

mosm/kgh2o

1.19

411

(3022217) INR in Platelet poor plasma by Coagulation assay

131

1141

1.32

1.35

20.5

19.2

1.24

1.40

inr

0.93

313

(3041096) Erythrocytes [Presence] in Urine by Automated

463

0.67

1.35

4.6

3.6

—

(3020630) Protein [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

203

1.55

1.33

3.8

3.2

64.66

66.09

g/l

0.48

179

(3017446) Testosterone [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

237

1.51

1.32

2.1

2.2

9.54

12.10

nmol/l

0.97

202

(40763086) Leukocyte esterase [Presence] in Urine by Automated test strip

677

0.72

1.29

4.7

4.2

—

(3023602) Cholesterol in HDL [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

185

1701

1.38

1.29

5.5

4.8

1.32

1.31

mmol/l

0.14

150

1518

(3022621) pH of Urine by Test strip

124

1.67

1.25

2.5

2.8

—

(3030306) Epithelial cells.non-squamous [#/volume] in Urine by Automated count

380

1.40

1.25

3.4

3.1

0.95

1.09

e6/l

0.21

239

(3018251) Fasting glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

189

1747

1.38

1.24

5.9

5.2

6.04

6.24

mmol/l

1.56

150

1553

(3044927) Protein electrophoresis panel - Urine

2.34

1.19

1.3

1.2

—

(3017895) Helicobacter pylori Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

2.04

1.18

1.1

1.5

—

(3019284) Hepatitis B virus surface Ag [Presence] in Serum

151

1.58

1.17

1.8

1.5

—

(3013139) Helicobacter pylori Ag [Presence] in Stool

1.83

1.13

1.1

1.3

—

(3005785) Creatine kinase.MB [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

229

1.46

1.11

1.8

2.5

4.96

7.40

ug/l

0.72

200

(3019198) Lymphocytes [#/volume] in Blood

107

927

1.28

1.08

4.8

5.6

1.66

1.82

e9/l

1.01

821

(3013650) Neutrophils [#/volume] in Blood by Automated count

120

1058

1.27

1.04

6.3

9.6

4.92

4.39

e9/l

1.15

105

931

(3024928) Oxygen saturation in Venous blood

1.95

1.03

2.1

2.7

—

(3008909) Norovirus RNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

1.84

1.00

1.3

1.2

—

(3041942) Cyclic citrullinated peptide Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

183

1.47

0.99

1.3

1.19

17.83

u/ml

—

(3037522) Nuclear Ab [Titer] in Serum

176

1.47

0.95

1.2

226.67

353.33

titre

—

(36033641) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Ag [Presence] in Upper respiratory specimen by Rapid immunoassay

2.25

0.94

2.3

1.6

—

(3002256) Pathology report gross observation

255

1.39

0.93

1.3

1.4

—

(3048816) Calcium.ionized [Moles/volume] adjusted to pH 7.4 in Blood

155

0.56

0.92

3.9

4.1

1.23

1.21

mmol/l

—

139

(3027545) Mycoplasma pneumoniae Ab [Presence] in Serum by Immunoassay

2.10

0.90

1.3

—

(3021960) Folate [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

550

1.28

0.89

1.7

1.6

17.61

18.60

nmol/l

0.19

462

(3016881) Enterovirus RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

2.02

0.87

1.0

2.1

—

(40761511) CBC panel - Blood by Automated count

192

1810

1.30

0.87

22.0

17.9

—

(40768800) Prostate Pathology biopsy report

104

1.58

0.87

1.0

1.1

—

(3051552) Clostridioides difficile toxin genes [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

146

1.48

0.86

2.0

1.6

—

(44816559) Phosphatidylethanol [Mass/volume] in Blood

1.96

0.85

1.7

1.1

—

(3004410) Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin.total in Blood

179

1675

1.27

0.85

7.4

7.0

40.95

41.73

mmol/mol

0.46

139

1528

(3007853) Bacteria identified in Skin by Aerobe culture

260

1.36

0.84

2.0

1.7

—

(3043924) Respiratory syncytial virus RNA [Identifier] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

278

1.35

0.84

1.5

1.7

—

(3006923) Alanine aminotransferase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma

197

1867

1.30

0.83

12.4

11.6

25.33

26.12

u/l

0.22

181

1794

(3010521) Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM Ab [Presence] in Serum by Immunoassay

1.90

0.82

1.2

1.1

—

(3004775) Volume in Urine collected for unspecified duration

0.00

0.79

0.0

2.2

—

492.50

—

(3027945) Reticulocytes/100 erythrocytes in Blood

308

1.32

0.79

2.1

1.83

1.73

0.29

274

(3017143) Hepatitis C virus Ab [Presence] in Serum

149

1.45

0.78

2.0

1.6

—

(3020427) Coagulation factor X inhibitor [Units/volume] in Platelet poor plasma by Coagulation assay

1.57

0.77

1.9

2.4

0.32

0.36

u/ml

—

(36660697) Celiac disease serology panel - Serum

1.57

0.77

1.7

1.3

—

(3015399) Transferrin receptor.soluble [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

579

1.24

0.76

1.9

2.0

3.03

3.11

mg/l

0.08

495

(46235355) HIV 1 and 2 tests - Meaningful Use set

185

1.39

0.75

2.2

1.6

—

(3026008) Bacteria identified in Urine by Culture

553

1.24

0.74

3.3

—

(3014765) Yersinia sp identified in Stool by Organism specific culture

1.82

0.73

1.1

1.2

—

(3006418) Campylobacter sp identified in Tissue by Organism specific culture

1.82

0.73

1.1

1.2

—

(3000093) Morphology [Interpretation] in Blood Narrative

2.02

0.73

1.0

1.2

—

(586526) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) RNA [Presence] in Nasopharynx by NAA with probe detection

143

1.43

0.73

1.5

1.4

—

(3024403) Complement+Immunoglobulin [Units/volume] in Red Blood Cells

1.60

0.72

1.3

1.4

—

(42529406) Shigella sp [Presence] in Stool by Culture

1.77

0.72

1.1

1.2

—

(3008486) Thyroxine (T4) free [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

129

1179

1.20

0.71

3.0

2.9

15.40

14.98

pmol/l

1.05

100

1013

(3029879) Epithelial cells.squamous [#/volume] in Urine by Automated count

368

1.27

0.71

3.6

3.3

2.29

0.59

e6/l

0.66

228

(3000991) Gas panel - Venous blood

205

1.36

0.71

5.2

9.5

—

(3021614) Rheumatoid factor [Units/volume] in Serum or Plasma

206

1.35

0.69

1.3

1.2

12.02

45.17

iu/ml

—

(3012447) Hantavirus puumala IgG Ab [Titer] in Serum

1.87

0.69

1.0

—

(3001784) Prostate Specific Ag Free/Prostate specific Ag.total in Serum or Plasma

136

1252

1.20

0.68

5.3

4.8

19.26

21.57

1.22

669

(3025023) Rhinovirus RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.80

0.66

1.0

2.1

—

(3016251) Hemoglobin.gastrointestinal [Presence] in Stool

112

1.46

0.65

2.2

2.6

—

(3027456) Digoxin [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

1.56

0.60

3.4

3.2

0.73

1.00

nmol/l

—

(3017569) Oxygen content in Arterial blood

0.00

0.59

0.0

5.0

—

(3029287) Urinalysis microscopic panel [#/volume] - Urine by Automated count

818

1.18

0.58

4.4

3.5

—

(3029379) Protein.monoclonal band 4 [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Electrophoresis

1.56

0.56

1.3

4.2

0.00

g/l

—

(3038288) Influenza virus B RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

278

1.26

0.55

1.5

1.8

—

(40765161) Human bocavirus DNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.59

0.54

1.3

2.0

—

(40763571) Iron/Transferrin [Ratio] in Serum or Plasma

326

1.23

0.53

2.7

2.5

20.67

22.32

0.30

279

(3039443) Prostate specific Ag panel - Serum or Plasma

1.42

0.52

1.4

1.7

—

(3004789) Transferrin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

346

1.22

0.51

2.5

2.08

2.22

g/l

1.23

318

(4034850) Laboratory test

1.40

0.51

23.8

13.7

—

(1002224) Polysomnography panel

1.57

0.49

1.1

—

(3015736) pH of Urine

677

0.85

0.49

4.2

3.7

—

5.73

—

(3019902) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [Presence] in Specimen by Organism specific culture

242

0.77

0.47

5.3

3.5

—

(3004716) Salmonella sp identified in Stool by Organism specific culture

1.47

0.47

1.1

1.3

—

(3042111) Morphology [Interpretation] in Bone marrow Narrative

1.47

0.47

1.1

1.8

—

(3033319) Streptococcus pyogenes Ag [Presence] in Throat

1.44

0.46

1.0

1.1

—

(36304419) Bacteria [Presence] in Urine

580

1.17

0.45

4.3

3.4

—

(3029937) Albumin [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

505

0.84

0.44

4.7

4.0

0.00

estimate

-0.00

158

(40758558) Short blood count panel - Blood

448

1.18

0.43

5.6

6.5

—

(3011397) Hemoglobin [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

410

1.18

0.43

4.0

3.8

—

(3022806) Fractional oxyhemoglobin in Capillary blood

1.57

0.42

4.6

1.5

90.52

88.61

—

(46235689) Lupus anticoagulant aPTT, dRVVT and PT screening panel W Reflex

0.00

0.41

0.0

1.9

—

(3012202) Varicella zoster virus DNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

0.00

0.41

0.0

1.5

—

(3015816) F5 gene p.Arg506Gln [Presence] in Blood or Tissue by Molecular genetics method

0.00

0.41

0.0

1.1

—

(3044355) Beta 2 glycoprotein 1 IgG Ab [Units/volume] in Serum or Plasma by Immunoassay

0.00

0.41

0.0

1.2

—

1.50

—

(40766800) Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulated gamma interferon release by CD4+ T-cells [Units/volume] corrected for background in Blood

0.00

0.41

0.0

1.0

—

(3008152) Bicarbonate [Moles/volume] in Arterial blood

171

0.75

0.41

4.9

6.1

24.08

24.02

mmol/l

0.02

164

(3016750) Collection duration of Urine

0.00

0.41

0.0

2.4

—

508.33

—

(3051714) Fibrin D-dimer FEU [Mass/volume] in Platelet poor plasma

386

0.83

0.40

1.7

1.35

1.69

mg/l

0.42

310

(36032419) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Ag [Presence] in Upper respiratory specimen by Immunoassay

1.48

0.40

1.8

1.7

—

(3005570) Glucose [Moles/volume] in Urine

0.00

0.40

0.0

1.4

—

(3003031) Transferrin.carbohydrate deficient.disialo/Transferrin.total in Serum or Plasma

151

1.28

0.40

2.9

2.0

1.86

1.76

0.18

113

(3044242) Glucose [Moles/volume] in Arterial blood

0.00

0.39

0.0

5.2

—

(4035726) Immunohistochemistry procedure

179

1.25

0.39

1.2

1.5

—

(3022948) Iron [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

377

1.17

0.37

2.8

2.5

10.56

12.36

umol/l

0.93

348

(46236952) Glomerular filtration rate/1.73 sq M.predicted [Volume Rate/Area] in Serum, Plasma or Blood by Creatinine-based formula (MDRD)

153

1.26

0.36

5.9

2.8

42.10

56.86

ml/min/173m2

—

(40762366) Oxygen capacity [Volume Fraction] in Arterial blood

134

0.74

0.36

7.1

10.0

—

(3024172) Erythropoietin (EPO) [Units/volume] in Serum or Plasma

1.44

0.36

1.2

12.28

27.04

u/l

—

(3019150) Specific gravity of Urine by Refractometry

390

0.85

0.34

5.8

4.3

1.02

kg/l

—

(3015377) Calcium [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

641

1.13

0.34

2.5

3.9

2.34

2.32

mmol/l

0.46

560

(1616796) Gas panel - Central venous blood

1.31

0.33

7.2

4.3

—

(3000330) Specific gravity of Urine by Test strip

101

1.30

0.32

2.2

4.7

—

(3000494) Fungus identified in Specimen by Culture

231

1.19

0.31

1.2

1.5

—

(3018418) pH of Serum or Plasma

563

0.88

0.31

5.4

4.7

7.39

7.40

—

106

(3040853) Adenovirus DNA [Identifier] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.33

0.31

1.3

1.8

—

(3042194) Human metapneumovirus RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.33

0.31

1.3

1.8

—

(3004248) Sex hormone binding globulin [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

1.22

0.27

1.8

1.7

38.00

48.28

nmol/l

—

(3018095) Leukocytes [#/volume] in Urine

751

0.90

0.26

5.6

4.0

92.74

171.11

e6/l

0.38

583

(3002434) Lupus erythematosus deoxynucleoproteins IgG Ab [Units/volume] in Serum by Immunoassay

1.29

0.23

2.2

1.8

—

(3012158) Parainfluenza virus 2 RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.29

0.23

1.0

1.8

—

(3006262) Parainfluenza virus 3 RNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

1.29

0.23

1.0

1.8

—

(42868544) Hantavirus puumala IgM Ab [Presence] in Serum or Plasma by Immunofluorescence

1.26

0.22

1.0

—

(46237023) Hepatitis B virus core and surface Ab and surface Ag panel - Serum

1.22

0.22

1.0

1.1

—

(3006442) Creatine [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

0.21

0.0

1.3

—

91.91

—

(3041423) Sjogrens syndrome-A extractable nuclear 60kD Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

0.00

0.21

0.0

1.1

—

(40766048) U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70kD Ab [Units/volume] in Serum by Immunoassay

0.00

0.21

0.0

1.1

—

(43055361) Metamyelocytes/Leukocytes [Pure number fraction] in Blood by Manual count

0.00

0.21

0.0

2.8

—

(3035320) C reactive protein [Mass/volume] in Body fluid

0.00

0.21

0.0

2.0

—

(1001509) Gas and Carbon monoxide and Electrolytes panel - Arterial blood

0.00

0.21

0.0

3.4

—

(3041067) Sjogrens syndrome-A extractable nuclear 52kD Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

0.00

0.21

0.0

1.1

—

(40769539) Bacteria identified based on 16S rRNA gene [Identifier] in Specimen by Sequencing

1.17

0.21

1.0

1.4

—

(3038026) Centromere Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

0.00

0.21

0.0

1.1

—

(3012110) Lysozyme [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

1.16

0.19

1.2

1.6

13.32

15.73

mg/l

—

(3021447) Carbon dioxide [Partial pressure] in Venous blood

223

1.14

0.19

2.8

4.2

5.68

5.73

kpa

0.10

212

(3009261) Glucose [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

881

0.93

0.19

4.4

3.8

0.00

estimate

-0.00

165

(3014162) Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA [Presence] in Specimen by NAA with probe detection

100

1.21

0.18

1.8

3.5

—

(3035350) Ketones [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

867

0.93

0.16

4.4

3.8

0.00

0.01

estimate

0.50

189

(3022145) Colonoscopy Study observation

197

1.13

0.16

1.2

1.3

—

(3002109) Cholesterol in LDL/Cholesterol in HDL [Mass Ratio] in Serum or Plasma

0.78

0.16

3.2

1.8

—

(3021601) Nitrite [Presence] in Urine by Test strip

862

0.94

0.13

5.3

5.1

0.00

estimate

-0.00

174

(3020682) Albumin/Creatinine [Ratio] in Urine

709

0.94

0.12

5.0

4.0

24.40

10.98

mg/mmol

0.42

470

(3012516) Albumin [Mass/volume] in Urine

668

0.94

0.12

4.4

3.4

105.61

226.62

mg/l

0.47

464

(3025159) Blasts/100 leukocytes in Blood

136

0.88

0.11

4.6

4.3

0.00

0.18

—

(43054914) Glucose tolerance 2 hours panel - Serum or Plasma

167

0.89

0.11

1.7

1.5

—

(3021879) Hepatitis B virus core Ab [Presence] in Serum

1.15

0.10

1.1

1.4

—

(3046524) Influenza virus A Ag [Presence] in Nasopharynx by Immunoassay

1.14

0.10

1.4

—

(3043362) Influenza virus B Ag [Presence] in Nasopharynx by Immunoassay

1.14

0.10

1.4

—

(3050238) Crystals [Presence] in Synovial fluid by Light microscopy

0.82

0.08

1.2

—

(3000492) Spirometry study

143

0.90

0.07

1.2

1.4

—

(3024561) Albumin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

910

1.04

0.07

5.4

5.1

33.95

34.44

g/l

0.30

853

(3013721) Aspartate aminotransferase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Serum or Plasma

572

1.04

0.07

3.0

3.2

38.57

35.49

u/l

0.17

544

(3002179) Metamyelocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood

138

1.09

0.06

3.9

4.1

1.67

0.46

—

(3020891) Body temperature

103

0.87

0.06

6.9

4.3

—

(40768797) Stomach Pathology biopsy report

232

0.94

0.05

1.5

1.3

—

(3030467) Casts [#/volume] in Urine by Automated count

621

0.98

0.03

5.0

3.4

0.19

0.43

e6/l

1.70

491

(3002582) Erythrocytes [#/volume] in Urine

690

0.98

0.02

4.9

3.5

84.33

193.45

e6/l

0.51

555

(3009508) Creatinine [Moles/volume] in Urine

671

1.02

0.02

4.4

3.3

7.66

7.81

mmol/l

0.09

541

(3017181) Myelocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood

156

0.96

0.00

4.0

4.1

1.00

0.96

—

(3003694) ABO and Rh group [Type] in Blood

466

0.98

0.00

1.3

—

(3021440) Promyelocytes/100 leukocytes in Blood

148

1.01

0.00

3.9

4.2

0.11

—

(3042936) Bacteria identified in Isolate by Culture

338

1.01

0.00

2.2

1.9

—

(3024354) Oxygen [Partial pressure] in Venous blood

189

1.01

0.00

3.0

3.1

5.45

4.38

kpa

0.42

178

(3009035) Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

464

0.99

0.00

1.5

1.8

171429029.63

25064989.05

pmol/l

0.40

387

(3027273) Bicarbonate [Moles/volume] in Venous blood

117

1.03

0.00

2.8

3.5

24.00

24.98

mmol/l

0.49

112

(3007164) IgA [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

265

1.02

0.00

1.9

1.4

2.39

2.88

g/l

0.70

157

(3019060) Gas panel - Arterial blood

184

0.98

0.00

3.4

3.9

—

(3004119) Hemoglobin [Mass/volume] in Venous blood

146

1.03

0.00

2.3

3.3

132.80

126.84

g/l

0.48

141

(3013166) Neutrophils/100 leukocytes in Synovial fluid

0.00

0.0

1.4

—

70.80

—

(3028679) Herpes simplex virus Ab [Presence] in Serum

0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(46235760) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [Presence] in Pharynx by Organism specific culture

0.00

0.0

3.0

—

(3034988) Calcium [Moles/volume] in Capillary blood

0.00

0.0

1.0

—

1.19

—

(3036071) Salmonella sp Ab [Titer] in Serum

0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(3039355) Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus [Presence] in Nose by Organism specific culture

0.00

0.0

3.0

—

(3001186) Copper [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

0.0

1.0

—

17.76

—

(3005757) Coagulation factor V activity actual/normal in Platelet poor plasma by Coagulation assay

0.00

0.0

1.4

—

93.60

—

(3022689) Creatine [Moles/volume] in Urine

0.00

0.0

1.8

—

(3013727) Leukocytes other/100 leukocytes in Blood

0.00

0.0

5.0

—

54.20

—

(3000285) Sodium [Moles/volume] in Blood

0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(3007821) Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --baseline

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

9.36

—

(3021162) Amylase [Enzymatic activity/volume] in Specimen

0.00

-0.00

0.0

3.2

—

12530.33

—

(3014891) Appearance of Pleural fluid

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.1

—

(3007798) IgG/Albumin [Mass Ratio] in Cerebral spinal fluid

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.4

—

(3025018) Bordetella pertussis Ab [Titer] in Serum

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

(3021197) Magnesium Ionized [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

(36305247) Microscopic observation [Identifier] in Isolate by Gram stain

0.89

-0.00

2.0

1.6

—

(3037692) Legionella sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.8

—

(3039602) Calcium.ionized [Moles/volume] adjusted to pH 7.4 in Capillary blood

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.2

—

1.31

—

(3012413) Glucose [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma --2 hours post meal

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.2

—

10.58

—

(3051101) Glucose [Moles/volume] in Cord blood

0.00

-0.00

0.0

4.3

—

(40757349) CD3+CD4+ (T4 helper) cells/CD3+CD8+ (T8 suppressor cells) cells [# Ratio] in Blood

0.00

-0.00

0.0

2.4

—

(36305771) Cryptosporidium sp DNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.7

—

(40768443) Skin Pathology biopsy report

0.95

-0.00

1.1

1.3

—

(3043410) Blood group antigens tested for on Red Blood Cells

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.2

—

(43534045) MCM6 gene c.-13910C>T and -13915T>G [Identifier] in Blood or Tissue by Molecular genetics method Nominal

1.00

-0.00

1.0

—

(3000208) Alpha tocopherol [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.6

—

27.57

—

(3002079) Sodium [Moles/time] in 24 hour Urine

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

254.00

—

(3008832) Norclozapine [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

16.5

—

834.83

—

(3022907) Direct antiglobulin test.polyspecific reagent [Presence] on Red Blood Cells

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.2

—

(3007847) Interleukin 2 Receptor Soluble [Units/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.7

—

1044.57

—

(3025443) Phadiatop IgE Ab [Units/volume] in Serum

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(3015479) Mycobacterium sp identified in Blood by Organism specific culture

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.5

—

(3032773) Endomysium IgG Ab [Titer] in Serum

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(3011544) Albumin [Mass/volume] in Pleural fluid

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.0

—

16.87

—

(3000081) cloZAPine [Moles/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

22.7

—

1177.00

—

(3024263) Appearance of Synovial fluid

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

(3000924) Streptococcus pyogenes [Presence] in Throat by Organism specific culture

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.0

—

(3020073) CD3+CD4+ (T4 helper) cells/CD3+CD8+ (T8 suppressor cells) cells [# Ratio] in Specimen

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.7

—

(3028371) Actinomyces sp identified in Specimen by Organism specific culture

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.3

—

(3036535) Thyroglobulin [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma

0.00

-0.00

0.0

2.9

—

(21494814) CD8 cells/100 lymphocytes in Specimen

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.6

—

(37020937) Giardia lamblia DNA [Presence] in Stool by NAA with probe detection

0.00

-0.00

0.0

1.7

—

Mortality – FinRegistry

↥

Association

Association between endpoint CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE and mortality.

Females

No data

Males

Parameter	HR [95% CI]	p-value
CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE	1.364 [1.17, 1.6]	< 0.001
Birth year	0.986 [0.98, 1.0]	0.004

During the follow-up period (1.1.1998 — 31.12.2019), 550 out of 1196 males with CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE died.

Mortality risk

Mortality risk for people of age

years, who have CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE.

N-year risk	Females	Males
1	No data	0.208%
5	No data	1.545%
10	No data	3.859%
15	No data	7.262%
20	No data	12.475%

Relationships between endpoints

↥

Index endpoint: CD2_BENIGN_PROSTATE – Benign neoplasm: Prostate

GWS hits: -

Endpoint

Case Overlap

Survival Analysis

Genetic Correlations

Genetic Signals

N (Jaccard index)

HR [CI]

rg [CI]

Hits

Coloc Hits

FinRegistry

FinnGen

FinRegistry

FinnGen

Loading data

Benign neoplasm: Prostate

Endpoint definition

Endpoint definition steps

FinnGen

Phenotype data

1. Apply sex-specific rule

2. Check conditions

3. Check pre-conditions, main-only, mode, registry filters

4. Check minimum number of events

5. Include endpoints

6. Filter based on genotype QC (FinnGen only)

Similar endpoints

Case counts by codes

Summary Statistics

-FinRegistry-

Key figures

-FinnGen-

Key figures

-FinRegistry-

Age distribution of first events

-FinnGen-

Age distribution of first events

-FinRegistry-

Year distribution of first events

-FinnGen-

Year distribution of first events

-FinRegistry-

Cumulative Incidence Function

-FinnGen-

Cumulative Incidence Function

CodeWAS

Matched cohort

LabWAS

Mortality – FinRegistry

Association

Females

Males

Mortality risk

Relationships between endpoints